Egypt’s relationship with Hamas: What does history tell us? – analysis

October 7 deeply impacted Egypt, however, Cairo has not appeared to excoriate Hamas for the attack, leaving questions about how this all transpired.

By SETH J. FRANTZMAN | JPOST | May 21, 2024

Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi inspects the Egyptian military units in Suez (photo credit: THE EGYPTIAN PRESIDENCY/HANDOUT VIA REUTERS)

As the IDF pushes deeper into Rafah they are finding tunnels and dismantling Hamas terrorist infrastructure. The offensive in Rafah was opposed by Egypt before it happened, however there have been less statements since it actually began. There remains a lack of clarity about Egypt’s overall position today and also what may have transpired in the years leading up to October 7.

It’s important to begin the process of understanding how Hamas became so powerful prior to the October 7 attack. How did it stockpile so many weapons? Where did the weapons come from? Hamas manufactures many types of rockets locally, but it also acquired RPGs and other types of systems that appear to have been trafficked from abroad.

In the past Hamas smuggled weapons using tunnels in Rafah that went to Egypt. It was widely believed these tunnels were dismantled years ago. There is also a crossing between Egypt and Gaza called the Rafah crossing. Ostensibly this was only for approved types of aid entering Gaza. Israel maintained a blockade of Gaza for many years to prevent weapons entering. However, weapons did enter. In fact, Gaza may have been one of the most heavily armed places per capita in the world on October 6. If it was under blockade, how did this happen.

Egypt’s role

There are going to be a lot of questions asked in coming months about Egypt’s role here. Egypt and Israel appeared to have relatively warm ties prior to October 7. Egypt’s government is opposed to the Muslim Brotherhood and Hamas has origins in the Brotherhood. Egypt also opposes terrorism. Therefore many would have concluded that Egypt opposes Hamas. However, it is less clear now what Egypt’s role has been.

To use the phrasing made famous by a former US secretary of defense, there are many “known unknowns” and “unknown knowns” regarding what transpired in Gaza with Hamas and also what Egypt’s role has been. Let’s take a look at what we know. Egypt entered a period of chaos during the Arab Spring when longtime leader Hosni Mubarak left office in 2011. In June 2012 the Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohammed Morsi became president of Egypt. He held office for only a year, before being pushed out by the military and a popular protest movement. Since 2013 Egypt has been led by Abdel Fatah al-Sisi.

It’s important to understand the crucial period of 2012 in the Middle East. At the time the Arab Spring led to major shifts. The Obama administration backed the Arab Spring and it was pleased to see Morsi elected in Egypt. It also backed protests in Syria. At the same time the US reportedly asked Qatar to begin to host the Hamas leadership. Hamas at the time had controlled Gaza for 5 years. But it was not as powerful as it is today. It was only just beginning to make rockets that could reach Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. It couldn’t fire large salvos of rockets at the time and its tunnel operations were much smaller.

Hamas benefited from the chaos in the Arab world. It was able to bring in weapons that were flowing from Libya and elsewhere. It’s likely that Iran was involved in these smuggling attempts, because Iran had ties with the Sudanese regime and was able to exploit the chaos. The US at the time was withdrawing from Iraq and there was a power vacuum in the region.

Hamas benefited

Hamas benefited even more when its leaders moved to Qatar. No longer was Hamas a small terror group, now its leaders could live openly in nice hotels and receive lavish gifts. Hamas got legitimacy in 2012 and it is likely that there were moves afoot to bring it to power in the West Bank.

The rise of Sisi changed these calculations. In Egypt people were angry at the chaos Morsi had thrived on. There was an insurgency in Sinai and Egyptian troops were being killed. Egyptians would say back then that they refused to be forced to “bathe” in the bloodbath unfolding in the region. There was a conflict between Hamas and Israel in 2012. Morsi pretended to help bring about a ceasefire. But Israel was facing off against the chaos rising in the region.

By 2013 things were different. New leadership meant competent army officers could be sent down to Sinai to end the insurgency. It continued for several bloody years and even ISIS tried to benefit from it. By that time ISIS was already taking over Iraq and Syria. The crackdown by Egypt was supposed to end the smuggling to Hamas. Hamas benefited from the chaos and in 2014 there was another war with Israel. Israel had to go into Gaza and uproot tunnels. However, Hamas tunnels were still much smaller than today.

Egypt in 2015 backed the Saudi Arabia intervention in Yemen against the Iran-backed Houthis. In addition the Egyptian leadership began to do quiet outreach to the Assad regime. The Syrian security chief Ali Mamluk met with the Egyptians in 2016 and 2018.

What’s clear here is that Egypt saw a different future in the region. It was cracking down on the Brotherhood and it believed that strong Arab states needed to emerge from the chaos. At the time Egypt had cold relations with Qatar and Turkey because both of them had backed Morsi or the Brotherhood.

Things began to change though. The defeat of ISIS in 2017-2019 changed the Arab world’s dilemma facing extremism. Morsi, imprisoned after he was overthrown, died in 2019. This got rid of one of the key elements of problems between Egypt and Turkey. Turkey at the time was hosting Hamas leaders and was involved in intervention in Libya. Ankara’s intervention in Libya undermined Egypt’s backing of Khalifa Haftar in eastern Libya, handing Haftar a setback.

In addition, Ankara’s quest for resources in the Eastern Mediterranean led to potential standoffs with Egypt and brought Egypt much closer to Greece and Cyprus. Ostensibly it also brought Egypt and Israel closer.

Meanwhile in the Gulf the close Egypt allies of Saudi Arabia and the UAE broke ties with Qatar in 2017. Egypt and Bahrain joined the UAE and Saudi in severing ties with Doha. This was also the Trump era and Egypt was keenly interested in closer ties with the Trump administration. Egypt believed the Obama administration had backed the Brotherhood and had difficult ties with the US for several years. Sisi travelled to Saudi Arabia to meet Saudi Arabia’s King Salman in May 2017 for a summit of Arab and Muslim countries that was attended by US president Donald Trump. Trump, Sisi, and Salman were photographed with their hands on a glowing orb, a symbol of the partnership.

Other things were shifting in the region. Egypt and Turkey began a reconciliation process. This likely came about in part because the Syrian civil war was winding down. Russia, Turkey and Iran had worked through the Astana process on Syria and the war largely ended. With the war over, the chaos that Egypt feared appeared to be controlled. Soon there was also a ceasefire in Yemen and China was brokering Iran-Saudi reconciliation. Syria returned to the Arab League. Tensions in Libya were reduced.

For Egypt this shift in events likely meant it didn’t need to fear the rise of the Brotherhood again, or fear that Hamas antics might lead to chaos in Sinai. It possible that sometime in this period 2019-2023, that a grand bargain took place in which Egypt was asked by Ankara, Doha, Tehran, and/or Moscow, to reduce constraints on Hamas. At some point this meant Hamas likely was able to smuggle more weapons into Gaza. Israel, convinced that Hamas was deterred, didn’t seem to notice as Hamas grew more powerful.

In May 2021 Hamas launched an attack on Israel with huge salvos of rockets and Iran mobilized proxies to attack Israel. However, the short ten day conflict ended.

What was Egypt thinking?

The Abraham Accords and the Negev Summit and other trends in the region were supposed to be toward regional stability. This meant Egypt was supposed to benefit through peace and stability. Why would it allow Hamas to start a huge war? The only reason Egypt may have been lured into thinking Hamas was contained was due to Doha and Ankara, and other moves in the region. Egypt may have been told to go soft on Hamas and in exchange Turkey and Doha and others wouldn’t back the Brotherhood anymore inside Egypt.

In the end, Hamas launched the October 7 attack and this has deeply impacted Egypt. However, Cairo has not appeared to excoriate Hamas for the attack, leaving questions about how this all transpired.

Now we know some of the known unknowns of this story.

May 25, 2024 | 6 Comments »

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  1. It was a slippery slope and Kahane warned about it even before Eidelberg. The first deadly mistake was to agree to Resolution 242 in the first place. Nobody gives a damn whether it said “territory” or “territories” to be withdrawn from. It’s like the Geneva Accords, passed after the Shoah was over in response to it, much like closing the barn doors after the horses have already fled and after the world did next to nothing to stop it when it was going on but just a legal weapon to be used fraudulently against Israel to facilitate another Shoah. all these well-meaning international treaties and institutions need to go. – SZ

    Israel, US and the Stinking Fish – 1976

    “KAHANE” MAGAZINE September 1976

    Israel, US and the Stinking Fish
    Rabbi Meir Kahane

    Many times I have spoken of the Talmudic parable of the king, his servant, and the fish. Never was it more apt. [Events of today between Bibi and Obama.]

    Once there was a king who sent his servant to buy a fish. The servant returned with a fish that stank. In fury the king gave the servant a choice of three punishments: “Eat the fish, get whipped for the fish, or pay for the fish.” In common with most people, the servant chose not to reach into his pocket and he decided to eat the stinking fish but after two bites the stench made him give up and he decided to get whipped for it. The pain of the lashes, however, made him stop that, too, and he cried out, “I will pay for the fish!”

    And so the fool ate the fish, got whipped for the fish and, in the end, had to pay for it, anyhow. Those in Israel and without, who refuse to understand that nothing will deter America from demanding that Israel make the maximum concessions, play the same fool. Those who do not understand that there is nothing that Israel can possible do, that there are no compromises it can make, that there is nothing short of full retreat to the 1967 borders that will satisfy the United States-are the same fools as the servant who ate, got whipped and in the end had to pay anyhow,

    Their refusal to make the difficult choice of telling the Americans “no”, now, at this moment, will see them making the retreats they hope will avert American anger; it will see this effort fail even as the frontier moves from its present lines within the Arab heartland to new ones close to the Jewish cities; and most important, the Americans will make the same demands they always have envisioned since the days of the Roger Plan-total Israeli withdrawal. And since this is a thing that not even the most dovish of Israelis will agree to, the result will be an ultimate Israeli firm “no”, an ultimate American anger of the kind all men of “new initiative” propose to avert today by compromise, and exactly the same conditions of confrontation that would come anyhow if the Israelis said their “no” today. There would be one great difference, however, a “no” today will bring the crisis while Israel stands poised near the Arab capitols. A “no” tomorrow, after all the hapless and confused compromises and “initiatives,” will bring the same crisis near Tel Aviv, Beersheva and Netanya.

    This is what happens when foolish and confused Israelis, by refusing to pay the price of saying “no” to the stinking fish of pressure, attempt to eat it, submit to getting beaten over it and then learn to their dismay that there is no escape from the difficult decision that they should have made in the first place.

    Let the Israeli government, its men of “new initiative” and the Jewish leaders in America understand several basic axioms:

    1) America is committed to the Roger Plan and the world’s interpretation of Security Council Resolution 242, i.e. Israeli withdrawal from all (but insignificant) parts of the lands of 1967. This includes the Golan Heights, Gaza, the entire West bank and the entire Sinai as well as changing Jerusalem’s present Jewish sovereignty status.

    2) American interests lie, in the minds of most officials in Washington, with Arab oil, the huge potential Arab market and with supplanting Soviet influence with American. This means, at best, an “even-handed” policy rather than a pro-Israeli one.

    3) America is moving steadily to recognition of the “Palestinians” as a people and of whomever they decide to have as their leaders. Those leaders are clearly the PLO and already the move to “moderate” the PLO, “public-relations-wise” is underway so that Washington can more easily pressure Israel into recognizing them.

    4) The Ford-Kissinger administration is determined to prevent stagnation and will pressure Israel into concession after concession.

    5) No administration will got o war for Israel and no administration will continue the present aid level no matter what Israel does or concedes. The frantic search for human allies will end as unsuccessfully as those Jews in the past who forgot what faith in the Jewish G-d was and who turned to Egypt or Assyria or other “allies” for help, only to learn to their dismay that the allies betrayed them.

    Stinking fish are not made to be eaten or to get whipped or. One must have the courage to look at the truth and pay the bitter price of honesty. America is tired of the Israeli nuisance and wishes it would ea t the fish already. The time to loudly proclaim “no” is now.
    Israel, US and the Stinking Fish – 1976

    “KAHANE” MAGAZINE September 1976

    https://barbaraginsberg-kahane.blogspot.com/2012/12/israel-us-and-stinking-fish-1976.html

  2. OSLO-SHMOSLO-

    Israel and Jews generally have never seemed to get it firmly fixed in their heads that there can Be NO real peace with Arabs. They hate us viscerally.

    Israelis have consistently fooled themselves into thinking “now is the time”.

    The crowning foul-up was Oslo, bringing thousands of malignant terrorists and their abominable leader back from positive obscurity into the centre of holy Eretz Yisrael. Even giving them weapons and every aid to become self supporting.

    The doers of this can only have been deranged , utterly crazy.

    And we have suffered ever since.

    I was disappointed that Begin succumbed to Sadat’s flattery and fake sincerity. But even that monstrous error pales in comparison to OSLO.Israel has always gone to the brink-and over, in search of true peace, often fallen to fake simulacra.

    And since then we have proceeded from Very Bad to massively worse.
    And we have allowed the International Community to stick it’s collective nose into our Internal affairs .Israel a So called Sovereign nation, with top quality offensive and defensive military might.

    And so called cast iron allies, who dictate to us what we can and can not do

    We seem never to have progressed from being the bent shouldered Jew, dependent on succour from others…..and always at a heavy price.

    We CAN do better have proven we can, but why don’t we??????

  3. What does it tell us? It tells us that Eidelberg was right, after all.

    Here he was merely pursuing the first objective of the Nazi “peace
    offensive”: to shift the responsibility for war onto the enemy. Despite the
    fact that Egypt precipitated five wars against Israel in twenty-five years,
    Sadat went on to denigrate the Jewish state by declaring: “I tell you, you
    .have to give up once and for all the dreams of conquest and give up the
    belief that force is the best method of dealing with Arabs.”

    “In his Knesset speech and on countless other occasions, Sadat
    declared that the right of the “Palestinian people” to self-determination is
    the “crux of the entire problem,” even of the entire Middle East problem
    (Hitler said that the rights of the Sudeten Germans to self-determination
    is the “core of the problem,” of the entire European problem!). What we
    see here is the application of a simple idea to many problems of
    enormous complexity and gravity. “The receptivity of the great masses,”
    writes Hitler in Mein Kampf, “is very limited, their intelligence small, but
    their power of forgetting is enormous. In consequence of these facts, all
    effective propaganda must be limited to a very few points and harp on
    these in slogans.”9 Actually, the Arab-Israeli conflict is enormously
    complicated by issues of religion, social structure and the Arab attempt
    to reassert greatness as against the Western technological world. From a
    religious point of view, the mere existence of a Jewish state in the Land of
    Israel places in question Muhammed’s prophecy and challenges the
    validity of the Islamic religion. Moslems take this seriously no matter
    what the rest of the world may think…”Major-General George Keegan, former head of the U.S. Air Force Intelligence, has said
    that a “profound change in Arab strategy is now underway… It is not understood in the U.S.

    “I have seen intelligence which very few Americans have access to, that persuades me that
    the first element of that strategy is that the feudal leadership in the Arab world strikingly
    remain committed, Messianically, to the extermination of Israel as a nation and as a people.
    What has changed about that Messianic determination … is the apparent Arab realization
    that after four futile wars, the direct [i.e., military] approach now appears to be one of such
    high risk that they are beginning to use the strategy of the indirect approach [namely,
    diplomatic duplicity].”
    (Jerusalem Post Magazine, August 5, 1977, p. 5 et seq.)

    “…Sadat has made it clear to his “internal”
    audience, i.e., those who read Arabic, that he is engaged in what is for the
    Arabs a new strategy to win the traditional Arab goal of Israel’s
    destruction. In a section of his memoirs published in October on
    September 11, 1977, two months before the peace initiative, Sadat wrote:

    “Al Qaddafi has chosen to make the same terrible mistake
    that Arabs committed several years ago when they rejected
    everything and anything—when the Arabs turned the word `no’
    into an idol which they worshipped, burned incense around,
    and in the process, burned all their bridges and were halted …
    all this because the Arabs pinned the fate of the Arab nation
    and three of its generations to the word ‘no.’ In the field of
    politics, just as in the field of sports, the best player is not the
    one who kicks the ball out of the playground every time he gets
    it. This is escapism; he prefers to escape from the situation
    rather than take the ball, maneuver it through his opponents
    and then score a goal.”11

    Notice Sadat makes no objection to Qaddafi’s goal, repeatedly trumpeted as the annihilation of Israel, but to the methods by which the goal
    has been pursued. On the contrary, in the same passage Sadat goes on to
    say that he tries to avoid getting involved in minor and peripheral battles
    precisely because the coming war with the Jews should be the only thing
    that preoccupies him, and he is unwilling to become distracted “from this
    confrontation which will be much more violent than the October War.”12
    There were other hints shortly before Sadat’s visit to Jerusalem that he
    was planning a new strategy. On September 3, 1977 Foreign Minister
    Fahmi (whose later resignation suggests that even he was not aware of
    the dramatic form the strategy would assume) argued against another
    Arab summit meeting. ..”The world is opposed to Israel’s actions in the territory—our main aim must be to exploit intelligently this international
    attitude. We must differentiate between the possible and the
    impossible; we must address the world in its own language and
    go with it as far as we can go… We must besiege Israel and
    isolate it internationally … It is absolutely not in our interest to
    allow Israel to escape from this impasse. We could raise issues
    which we know, without even thinking about it, that the world
    atmosphere is not prepared for—issues which would provide
    Israel with new arguments to convince sections of world public
    opinion that throughout the history of the conflict the Arabs
    have thought only about the destruction and elimination of
    Israel … Briefly it is not right…to allow Israel to escape the grip ..of world society by raising ideas which would make the world
    forget Israeli extremism by pointing to what it might imagine to
    be Arab extremism …We must not take steps unless we are
    sure they bring us closer to our goal.13”

    “That the goal had not changed, merely the desirable method of achieving
    it, was emphasized by Sadat once again in September 1977, only weeks
    before his visit to Jerusalem.

    “The October War was only the spark that set off the conflict—a
    conflict that is as old as the Arab nation. This conflict started
    when we fought against the Tatars, and later, the Crusaders, in
    defense of our rights, land and honor. Today we are fighting
    against Zionism in defense of our land and values … Now after
    the October War we should never look back. In fact this
    struggle is not just a military conflict; it is a military, economic
    and political conflict. They are all links in the same chain.
    Therefore we must prepare ourselves for a prolonged conflict
    and all its relevant aspects.”14

    The next stage in that conflict, for Sadat, was the Jerusalem “peace
    initiative.” In his Knesset speech he laid down the peace terms—
    unacceptable to both of Israel’s major parties—from which he has never
    since deviated: that Israel return to the borders of 1949 and set up a
    Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza (including East Jerusalem).
    Upon returning home, he said in an interview for October Magazine,

    “We must take what we can get as a means for taking all that we want.”15

    “Those who had followed Sadat’s earlier remarks prior to his trip could scarcely
    be in doubt as to what he meant by “all that we want.”

    “Without in any way abandoning his long range goal, Sadat was able to
    count major accomplishments from his trip to Jerusalem. Indeed Sadat
    has managed to win the world’s accolades as a great peace-maker
    without once using the word “peace” on his trip. He used in his speech
    over and over again the word “salaam” which was translated as “peace”
    but which means nothing more than non-belligerence. Salaam was
    Sadat’s code message to the Arab world that he would never make Sulh,
    that is, real peace, with Israel. Nonetheless Sadat was able to disarm and
    divide Israel and neutralize the United States—remarkable accomplishments indeed…

    “…I was in our village for the summer vacation when Hitler marched forth
    from Munich to Berlin, to wipe out the consequences of Germany’s
    defeat in World War I and rebuild his country. I gathered my friends
    and told them we ought to follow Hitler’s example…
    Anwar el-Sadat
    Autobiography (1978)(1)
    Chapter 1:
    THE MODEL FOR CONQUEST
    The preponderance of evidence indicates that Anwar el-Sadat, the
    President of Egypt, is engaged in a plan to destroy the state of Israel, and
    that he has patterned his method after the Nazi model of conquest. The
    model is a war-and-peace strategy synchronized to facilitate the eventual
    destruction of the enemy. It is suitable for use by dictators against
    democracies, that is, against regimes based on the primacy of public
    opinion—what Hitler called “the mightiest factor of our time.” Sadat, who
    taught himself German while imprisoned by the British during World War
    II for his pro-Nazi activities, has studied Hitler’s diplomatic tactics and
    methods of psychological warfare. He is applying them with cunning and
    effectiveness in his war against Israel.
    The strategy has three interrelated objectives, the achievement of
    which depends very largely on the oratorical ability of the dictator to:
    1) Shift the responsibility for war onto the enemy (while posing as the
    apostle of peace).
    2) Divide and demoralize the enemy (by courting opposition party
    leaders and peace movements in the enemy’s country).
    3) Alienate the enemy from his friends or allies (by raising the
    spectre of war and economic catastrophe).
    These three objectives may be pursued simultaneously by means of
    semantic subversion, and most effectively by using the language of
    democracy against democracy…”

    “Sadat’s Strategy” (1979) by Paul Eidelberg

    https://www.amazon.com/Sadats-strategy-History-making-Eidelberg/dp/0969000103

  4. @dreuveni Don’t you think the Oslo (really beginning with the withdrawal from Sinai – witness Sisi’s treachery – and allowing the Americans to make Israel so dependent militarily) mentality of the Deep State left establishment and the lapses of the top brass in the military despite all the warnings from the observers on the scene that led to Oct. 7th fell under the fourth category of “what we do not like to know?”

  5. @Sebastian: this question of known unknowns and unknown knowns is polical double speak. If I don’t want to say something, it is certainly a known. Any other result is Orwellian.

  6. There are unknown unknowns

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_are_unknown_unknowns

    “Rumsfeld’s statement brought attention to the concepts of known knowns, known unknowns, and unknown unknowns, but national security and intelligence professionals have long used an analysis technique referred to as the Johari window. The idea of unknown unknowns was created in 1955 by two American psychologists, Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham in their development of the Johari window. They used it as a technique to help people better understand their relationship with themselves as well as others.
    The term was also commonly used inside NASA…The terms “known unknowns” and “unknown unknowns” are often used in project management and strategic planning[8] circles.
    Contemporary usage is largely consistent with the earliest known usages. For example, the term was used in evidence given to the British Columbia Royal Commission of Inquiry into Uranium Mining in 1979:
    Site conditions always pose unknowns, or uncertainties, which may become known during construction or operation to the detriment of the facility and possibly lead to damage of the environment or endanger public health and safety. The risk posed by unknowns is somewhat dependent on the nature of the unknown relative to past experience. This has led me to classify unknowns into one of the following two types: 1. known unknowns (expected or foreseeable conditions), which can be reasonably anticipated but not quantified based on past experience as exemplified by case histories (in Appendix A) and 2. Unknown unknowns (unexpected or unforeseeable conditions), which pose a potentially greater risk simply because they cannot be anticipated based on past experience or investigation. Known unknowns result from recognized but poorly understood phenomena. On the other hand, unknown unknowns are phenomena which cannot be expected because there has been no prior experience or theoretical basis for expecting the phenomena.[9]…Psychoanalytic philosopher Slavoj Žižek says that beyond these three categories there is a fourth, the unknown known, that which one intentionally refuses to acknowledge that one knows: “If Rumsfeld thinks that the main dangers in the confrontation with Iraq were the ‘unknown unknowns’, that is, the threats from Saddam whose nature we cannot even suspect, then the Abu Ghraib scandal shows that the main dangers lie in the “unknown knowns”—the disavowed beliefs, suppositions and obscene practices we pretend not to know about, even though they form the background of our public values.”…German sociologists Christopher Daase and Oliver Kessler agreed that the cognitive frame for political practice may be determined by the relationship between “what we know, what we do not know, what we cannot know”, but stated that Rumsfeld left out “what we do not like to know”.[14]
    The event has been used in multiple books to discuss risk assessment.[3][15]…”